Where is the error on the iPhone now?

So I gave my phone with my SIM card to a friend who hadn't yet logged out of iCloud. So now I've bought a new phone and taken my friend's old SIM card, but left the old one with him. So I already had the new one and then put my SIM card in there to download apps and then I specified my iCloud account again. So after that I put my SIM card back in the old phone and gave it to my colleague. So now I'm trying to log out of my Apple account on the new phone but it's not working even though I'm pretty sure I entered the password correctly. After a couple of attempts the account was locked. To unlock it I confirmed my phone number again but I couldn't get the email ID because I'd forgotten the password for my email address. Hmm, do you think there's any chance I can sort this out somehow, be it with Del support on the phone or something else? Otherwise, the phone is now junk because I can neither download anything nor log off?? Please help. I appreciate every answer. Thank you for your time.