whatss?
What exactly is the problem with the high-pressure process for ammonia synthesis? How did Bosch solve it?
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The problem with ammonia synthesis in general is the reaction rate. The reaction
3 H2 + N2 -> 2 NH3
It’s exothermic. It should therefore run spontaneously at room temperature. It also does, but so incomprehensible slowly (as high activation energy) that it is not worth it.
What Haber and Bosch have done now is a compromise.
They increased the temperature. This is really shit for an exothermic reaction, because you are pushing the balance to the side of the educts. At the same time, however, this also ensures an increased reaction rate (in both directions).
Secondly, they work at high pressures (which ensures more particle collisions, i.e. more frequent reactions) and they have used a catalyst (which reduces the activation energy and thus increases the reaction rate again).
To now shift the equilibrium to the side of the ammonia, we continuously remove it from the reaction mixture (principle of Le Chatelier).
Fun Fact: The Haber Bosch method swallows 1-2 % of the worldwide (!) generated electricity. Without this procedure, we could only feed just under half of the current world population. It is therefore considered one of the most important (if not even the most important) industrial processes in the world.
The problem was the embrittlement of the steel, as the hydrogen reacted with the carbon from the steel, which led to the bursting of the reactors. The problem could be solved by using alloyed steels.