What is the difference between router advertisements and DHCP?
Both serve the purpose of facilitating the assignment of IP addresses. But when is each used?
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DHCP is for IPv4, Router Advertising is for IPv6.
This is a rough simplification because the mechanisms are not directly comparable to each other, but the respective protocols do not exist in the other world.
But are there also DHCPv6 or not?
Yes, there is, but is hardly used. At IPv6, SLAAC is then configured (States Address Autoconfiguration. The RAs are then used to communicate to the host the IPV6 prefix (network) and the gateway.
Correct. This actually gives addresses but works differently than the IPv4 version.
Router advertising is strictly independent of it and displays only possible gateways.
DHCP is a protocol that serves to configure the host. The IP configuration is only one of the possibilities.
A RA is just the advertising of a router. Of these, I know that there is a router, but there is no complete configuration.