Why is CO2 not a dipole, but H2O is?
(2 votes)
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Moin,
this is because a permanent dipole depends on two conditions: on the one hand, polar atomic bonds must be present (this is the case with both molecules), but on the other hand, the molecular geometry must also fit (and this is only the case with the water, but not with the carbon dioxide molecule).
What is meant by molecular geometry? – Well, both molecules are three atoms. But the water molecule has an angled geometry while the carbon dioxide molecule is linearly constructed.
Water is an angled molecule.
Carbon dioxide is linear.
If you now imagine both molecules as small balls, then water has a pole that has a positive partial charge (there are the positive hydrogen atoms), and a pole that is negatively partially charged (there is the oxygen atom). ball, two poles with opposite partial charges = dipole.
In the case of the carbon dioxide molecule, however, the ball would have two negatively partially charged poles (outside the negative oxygen atoms) while in the center (on the “equator”) there is the positive carbon. ball, but two equally partially charged poles, NO Dipol…
Conclusion:
The first requirement for a dipole molecule is therefore polar atomic bonds.
If these are present, the molecular geometry must then also be suitable.
All right?
LG from the Waterkant
The water molecule is angled and therefore has a positive hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side due to the different electronegativity of hydrogen and oxygen. It’s a dipole.
In the case of carbon dioxide, the electronegativity of carbon and oxygen is also different, but the molecule is symmetrical (linear), so that the electronegativity difference is equalized. It’s not a dipole.
https://studyflix.de/chemie/dipol-2390
Because the dipole vectors stand up in CO2 (as in CH4, SF6…).
Water, on the other hand, is pseudo-tetraedric.
Nevertheless, CO2 is an IR-active greenhouse gas, since asymmetric vibrations change the dipole as a function of time.
Because CO2 is a straight molecule, the charge shifts between C and O are cancelled.
H2O forms an angle, here the charge displacements do not lift up. Therefore, a dipole is produced with negative charge at the O.