SD card physically damaged due to aborted formatting?

About two years ago, I bought a new 128 GB micro SD card and used it for a few days to expand my phone's storage. After a few days of satisfactory use, I opened my phone's storage settings out of pure curiosity. My phone is quite old and slow, which is why it took a few seconds to load. However, out of impatience, I clicked on the storage settings several times, and when it finally loaded, all I saw was the phone starting to format the card. I must have accidentally clicked the format button by clicking several times. In any case, I was quite startled and immediately clicked "Cancel Format" without thinking. After that, the card has been unwritable ever since. However, the data that had already been written to it can still be read. Formatting processes are supposedly "completed successfully," but in reality, the data remains. I've already invested a lot of time trying to solve the problem, but to no avail. So, I've given up on it now. Nevertheless, the problem contradicts my understanding of hard drives and SD cards. I never thought that no matter what you do when formatting, you could actually physically damage the SD card.

So now I'm wondering what exactly happened to the SD card when I canceled that caused it to become corrupted. Can you explain this to me?

Thanks