Micro SD Karte wird bei Dieser PC nicht angezeigt?

may not have been changed when formatting the type of partition (/dev/sdb1). Windows (no idea if this is so) could then evaluate and ignore this partition as “unknown”.
Put it back into the laptop and check the partition type. Start

fdisk /dev/sdb

fdisk works in interactive, meaning you have to enter it for fdisk commands.

First a p
all (you only have one) partitions are displayed.
Actually, Kn should have a b and type W95.
If you can’t change that easily.

Tap and you will be prompted to enter a code (what you can do with L).
I think 0b is the right code.
Since I don’t have Windows, I can’t try it. Code 0c should also be recognized by Windows.
At the end, don’t forget to spawn the changes, wq as command.
Good luck.

That looks good. (Don’t think you can install Linux so quickly, congratulations!)
From this result I read, you have a hard drive or SSD in the laptop that has the device file /dev/sda (the number of partitions I see only in the complete report of cat /proc/partitios)
In the laptop you have probably not inserted a USB stick (which would then be safe /dev/sdb and the SD card then /dev/sdc)

To do something with the map you need now

/dev/sdb

and /dev/sdb1 as device files.

If on the map important things suspect, see what’s on it
Insert sdb1.
(natural as root)

mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

Ls -l /mnt

displays all files of the SD card ( -l is a small L for “long”)

You can also check which file system (formatting) has the /dev/sdb1 partition. That’s what’s going on with the command

blkid /dev/sdb1

an entry is TYPE=????? that is the name of the filesystem.

You want to use the map on Windows? There are 2 formattings available: “ntfs” or “vfat”

If nothing is more useful, format:

first but solve the possible integration (mount /dev/sdb /mnt )

umount /dev/sdb1

and then

mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1

(please don’t write, so you can destroy some things)

More is not to be done. Go ahead.

I swear to openSuSE Leap.

The latest is Leap 15.5

To just do something with an SD card, a live system is certainly better. Manjaro is also a Linux distribution. Before installing a live system is booted. This means nothing is done on the hard drives, you can practically execute all commands and after switching off the PC or laptop is as before.

If you’re planning to deal with Linux more. Do it with Manjaro. You can also use any distribution for a fixed installation. My favorite remains Suse.

Yes, of course.

First you have to find the device file. It’s easy. Leave the SD card on the table, open a terminal (consol) and type the command

cat /proc/partitions

one.
Insert the SD card into a card reader and then again the command

cat /proc/partitions

At least one line has been added at the 2nd time. The last word may be sdb or sdc or… (depends on how many hard drives, SSD’s or USB sticks are already installed)

If a number is found behind sdb or sdc … (sdc1 , .. ), then these are the partitions of this data carrier. The associated device file is then
/dev/sdb , /dev/sdb1 or /dev/sdc , /dev/sdc1 ….
(dev stands for device, i.e. device)

If there is something like sdc1, you can also check what’s on it.
For this, you have to mount the partition. This can only be the Superuser (root) or sudo for Linux.

mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt
and then
Is it?

If there’s something important about it, you can save it to the hard drive.

It will not be more complicated, but here the description can branch out.

My suggestion: work this out and tell me what was added to the 2nd cat /proc/partitions for lines.