LED an 230V?
Hallo zusammen, (Halogen) Glühbirnen können eine Spannung von 230V ab. So weit so gut. Nun gibt es ja die LED’s die grundsätzlich keine so hohe Spannung ab können. Es gibt allerdings LED Leuchtmittel die ohne Trafo direkt an die Netzspannung von 230V angeschlossen werden. Wieso ist das so?
The naked component “LED” is a semiconductor and needs a very specific current.
In order for it to function reliably at a specific voltage, it requires an upstream electronics that ensures this current flow.
In the simplest case, this is a simple pre-resistance which limits the current intensity accordingly.
However, this would evaporate an unnecessary amount of power loss at 230V input voltage.
A regulated power source is better, which additionally compensates for fluctuations in the supply and reduces the power loss to a minimum.
Since SELV or contact-proof low voltage is not necessary, it is not necessary to clean a fully-fledged switching power supply with galvanic separation. A capacitor power supply + switching regulator is sufficient, which keeps the current constant + rectification + EMC filter for interference (which in the case of cheap lighting means is also saved away).
You can build that small enough to hide it in the lamp thread.
There are two “sorts” of 230V LED bulbs.
(a) The reasonable variant is to use a switching power supply similar to a PC or mobile phone charger. This then regulates current instead of voltage. Thus, the operating current of the LED can be set precisely.
(b) What is in cheap lamps and small bulbs (too small for ordinary electronics), this is simply a great resistance. Instead of a normal resistance, one simply uses a condenser, which has a reactive resistance with alternating current. As a result, the then does not provide as much energy as an ohmic resistance. Most of these lamps are broken because this capacitor is very heavily loaded and too cheap to keep this long.
In an LED lamp no LED is connected directly to 230V. There is a small electronics, usually a capacitor power supply. In most cases, many LEDs, each of which requires about 3 volts, are connected in series so that only little current (some mA) is needed. There is then no need for a transformer for the conversion, a galvanic separation is also not necessary, since no one can grasp into the interior of the pear.
A capacitor then limits the current and a rectifier makes the required direct current therefrom. In contrast to a resistor, a capacitor has no power loss. However, a small resistance is needed to protect the LEDs from high-frequency interference pulses which the capacitor simply allows.
There is usually a small electronics system that makes 230V small voltages.
Or just a capacitor.
They have a corresponding ballast already integrated in the illuminant
All 230V LED bulbs:
https://www.lichtland.com/hochvolt-led-lampen
now either you use resistor or capacitor in series to limit the current of the LED at 230V
Current = Ampere? But the voltage would have to destroy the LEDs. Otherwise, “normal LED lamps” could also be operated without transformer. So no bulbs but lamps with soldered LED’s. Or also low voltage LEDS
Therefore, the preresistance of the already most voltage decreases.
Parallel to the LED, diode circuit can be limited the higher LED voltage
If a capacitor limits the current, it cannot happen.