How do you determine intervals in music?
Do I always have to start from the root note when determining intervals? Or always start from the note before it?
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An interval is the distance between two tones.
You can select two tones and determine the distance, whether they sound consecutively or simultaneously.
One centimeter is also a centimeter, whether you measure in one direction from A to B or in the other direction from B to A (if the two points have this distance).
Neither does any of these sounds have to be a "basic tone", even in atonal music you can determine intervals, there is no basic tone.
Yeah, always get out of the sound.
Determining intervals is simple as measuring from one to the other. You just need to know the tone names and then count them using the tone conductors. It is still important that the first tone (output tone) is still counted.
Supplement to my first answer: you can also determine whether intervals are pure, large, small, excessive or reduced. To do this, you have to know a bit with the tones or at least with whole tone/half tone steps.