How do we know all these reaction mechanisms and more?

How do we know all these reaction mechanisms, like addition reactions, radical substitution, and more? So, how did we figure out how it all happens at the molecular level and where things bind and separate?

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JenerDerBleibt
7 months ago

Depending on the mechanism, an intermediate or transition state can be observed spectroscopically or captured with another reagent. Isotopic labeling is also possible.